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Changes in behavior are often the first "symptoms" of physical pain. A cat that stops jumping might have arthritis; a dog that becomes suddenly aggressive might be experiencing neurological discomfort or dental pain.

Using a mix of SSRIs (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors) and "departure cue" training to help dogs remain calm when alone.

Every veterinarian knows that a "difficult" patient is often just a terrified one. This is where behavioral science revolutionizes the clinic. Changes in behavior are often the first "symptoms"

For decades, veterinary medicine focused almost exclusively on the physical body—treating broken bones, neutralizing infections, and managing organ failure. However, a significant shift has occurred in the modern era. Today, the industry recognizes that a pet’s mental state is just as critical as its physical health. The intersection of has become one of the most vital fields in animal care, helping us understand not just what is happening to an animal, but why they react the way they do. The Evolution of Behavioral Medicine

The marriage of animal behavior and veterinary science has transformed the way we view our companions. It moved us from a "fix the part" mentality to a "care for the individual" philosophy. By treating the mind and body as a single, interconnected system, we ensure that animals don't just live longer, but live better. Every veterinarian knows that a "difficult" patient is

By understanding feline and canine body language, vets can use "Fear Free" techniques. This involves using pheromones, non-slip surfaces, and minimal restraint to ensure a check-up doesn’t become a traumatic event.

Often called "dog dementia," this is a purely veterinary-behavioral intersection where diet, supplements, and medication can slow the mental decline of aging pets. However, a significant shift has occurred in the modern era

In the past, behavioral issues like aggression, separation anxiety, or compulsive grooming were often dismissed as "bad training" or "personality quirks." Veterinary science now treats these as medical concerns. We understand that neurotransmitters like serotonin and dopamine affect animals similarly to humans. When an animal’s brain chemistry is out of balance, it manifests in behaviors that can damage the human-animal bond.

Are you looking to dive deeper into a specific area, like that mimic behavioral issues, or perhaps low-stress handling techniques for your own pets?

Veterinary science also looks at the "Nature vs. Nurture" debate. We know that certain breeds have genetic predispositions toward specific behaviors (e.g., herding, guarding). However, the "critical socialization period"—usually between 3 and 16 weeks of age—is where veterinary guidance is most crucial. Vets now advise owners on how to expose young animals to stimuli to prevent lifelong phobias. Conclusion: A Holistic Approach

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Digital Signature is used to sign electronic documents. DSC stands for "Digital Signature Certificate". The certificate is a software file stored in a special USB pen drive.

eMudhra Logo

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Paper-less steps are now available to get a new Digital Signature. Paper-less process is faster, cheaper, and fully online.

Step 1: Enter applicant name, phone, email, and choose brand of DSC - eMudhra or Capricorn.

Step 2: After payment, receive an automatic e-mail with link to open CA Portal.

Step 3: Create KYC ID / PIN or use existing KYC ID.

Step 4: Upload PAN Card, Proof of Address, and a passport size photo. For Organization, additional documents must be uploaded.

Step 5: Record Video using phone or laptop. Read statement shown on screen.

Step 6: Certifying Authority will approve and issue Digital Signature Certificate.

Step 7: Download DSC and store on USB cryptographic token. The USB dongle must be either Hyp2003 Token (HyperPKI HYP2003 CSP India v3.0) or WatchData ProX Token (PROXKey CSP India V3.0).


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DSC is now sold in only one class : Class-3. There will be no more Class-2 sold in 2021 as per CCA guidelines.

Class-3 DSC is sufficient to sign documents for a large variety of purposes - including tax returns (Income Tax /GST), invoice signing (Tally or PDF), completing Director's KYC, register new business firm on MCA Portal, applying Import Export Code (IEC), EPF Portal, etc.

Some Tender Portals require vendors to use Class-3 Digital Signature with encryption combo. Generally for tender bidders, Class-3 Combo is a safe recommended option.


What are HyperPKI or WatchData ProX tokens?

A special USB pen drive is required to store Digital Signature Certificates. The USB token is a cryptographic device that offers security with strong authentication and password protection.

Designed to be secure from virus attacks, the token has mechanisms to prevent thefts of Digital Signature. Tokens we sell comply with the FIPS 140-2 Level 3 security standards.

HyperPKI token

DSC Price

Paper-less steps have reduced the price of DSC. New or Renewal - applicants enjoy low price now. Price is not a barrier for common man to use Digital Signature.


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For Individual persons, Class-3 will be the only DSC class sold in 2021. While the price was cheaper for Class-2, the Certifying Authority has stopped issuing Class-2 to comply with CCA guidelines. Only Class-3 DSC will be sold for Individuals from 2021 onwards. DSC is available with validity period of 1, 2, or 3 years.

Class-3 DSC can be used to file GST returns, income tax returns, signing invoices on Tally or any other accounting software, PDF signing, register new business on MCA portal, EPF, Director's KYC, and even some of the tender portals in India.

Buy Class-3 DSC

PAN Based DSC

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Tender portals in India accept Class-3 Digital Signature to submit bids online. The type of applicant can be sole-proprietor, partnership firm, LLP, registered company, or trusts.

Authorized signatory for the organization must give permission for the issue of Class-3 Digital Signature to their staff.

Paper-less steps are now available to issue Class-3 Digital Signature for Organizations. DSC is available with validity period of 1 year, 2 years, or 3 years.

Applicants have option to buy only Signature, or Combo. The combo includes both Signature and Encryption. Check with Tender Inviting Authority if you need Combo.

Buy Class-3 (Organization)

PAN Based DSC

DSC Customer Care

DSC applicants receive premium support free of cost. Use live chat or contact support over phone or email. It is a simple experience to buy Digital Signature.

Few questions are answered in Digital Signature DSC FAQ. Got more questions? or live chat for immediate response.


How to record Video for DSC?

Open the e-mail received for video recording on your smart phone or computer.
  • Record video using camera on smartphone or computer.
  • Read the statement shown on screen - loud and clear.
  • Show documents to camera - original PAN Card and Address Proof
  • Applicant face must be visible
  • Duration of video will be for 20 seconds
Video Recording has been enabled with extra 4 languages (Kannada, Telugu, Tamil and Malayalam), in addition to Hindi & English.

What is eKYC? for DSC

KYC stands for Know-Your-Customer. Applicants upload Pan Card or Aadhaar XML to complete eKYC online. The process is completed online with upload of PAN Card and one proof of address. No attestation is required. There is no need send physical documents.

Scanned copies to Upload:

  1. PAN Card (front side copy)
  2. Passport size photo
  3. Any One Address Proof with applicant name
    • Aadhaar eKYC
    • Driving License
    • Voter ID
    • Passport

Steps to create e-KYC account using PAN Card

  • Step 1: Fill online application form and complete payment
  • Step 2: Open the e-mail received and click on DSC link
  • Step 3: Choose option to create e-KYC as "Pan Card Based"
  • Step 4: Enter PAN Number of Applicant. Automatically, name of the PAN Card holder will be fetched.
  • Step 5: Enter address as per proof of address
  • Step 6: Create new eKYC ID and PIN. An account will be created with 2 years validity.

What is Aadhaar e-KYC XML?

It is a secure sharable document which can be used by Aadhar number holder for offline verification of Identity.

Service Providers like telecom mobile companies, Digital Signature Providers, and others can establish identify of an individual using Aadhaar eKYC XML.

The XML file contains Name, Address, Photo, Gender, DOB, registered Mobile Number, Email address of resident among other details.


Steps to download Aadhaar XML file for eKYC

It is a secure sharable document which can be used by Aadhar number holder for offline verification of Identity.

Watch Online Video on how to download Aadhaar XML File

  • Step 1: Go to URL www.uidai.gov.in
  • Step 2: Enter 'Aadhaar Number' or 'VID' and mentioned 'Security Code' in screen, then click on 'Send OTP'
  • Step 3: Enter the OTP received by registered Mobile Number for the given Aadhaar Number
  • Step 4: Enter a Share Code which will be password for the ZIP file and click on 'Download' button
  • Step 5: The Zip file containing the digitally signed XML will be downloaded