The shift toward electronic trading began with idealistic intentions. Programming geniuses like Josh Levine envisioned a more democratic market where computerized hubs, such as his creation , would wrest control from large exchanges that traditionally favored giant institutions.
: A transparent, all-electronic marketplace where small traders could swap stocks on equal footing. The shift toward electronic trading began with idealistic
: These innovations inadvertently birthed a fragmented market of "dark pools" and high-frequency trading (HFT) "bots" that execute trades in milliseconds, often outmaneuvering their human creators. What Are Dark Pools? Unlike "lit" markets like the or NASDAQ ,
Dark pools are private exchanges for trading securities that are not accessible to the general public. Unlike "lit" markets like the or NASDAQ , dark pools do not disclose order details until after a trade is executed. and the Rigging of Wall Street
The Shadow Market: Dark Pools, Machine Traders, and the Rigging of Wall Street